Want to build an application on ICP? Which programming language is the best choice?

Developing on the Internet Computer ( ICP ) is challenging due to language options. Let's take a look at the mainstream options available now:

Motoko — The top choice for insiders

• The language designed by DFINITY specifically for ICP
• Directly incorporate features such as asynchronous calls and the Actor model into the syntax.
• The type system is extremely strict to prevent common data confusion bugs.
• Disadvantages: small ecosystem, few tutorials, can only be used on ICP
• Suitable for: Teams of beginners looking to quickly launch an MVP.

Rust — Performance Ceiling

• Compiled directly to WebAssembly, as efficient as Motoko.
• Produced by Mozilla, used by major industry players like (Cloudflare, Dropbox)
• The ecosystem is the most mature, and resources are extremely abundant.
• Disadvantages: Steep learning curve, compilers can be frustrating.
• Suitable for: Teams with a basic understanding of low-level languages, pursuing extreme performance.

TypeScript/JavaScript — Full Stack All-in-One

• Azle SDK has aligned its functionalities with Rust and Motoko.
• Both front-end and back-end use TypeScript, no need to switch brains.
• 17.5M developer community, the largest language ecosystem
• Suitable: Developers with existing JS skills trying out ICP

Python — Experimental Stage

• Kybra SDK is still in Beta, and the features are incomplete.
• Easy to learn and use, data science friendly
• Suitable: For those who want to test the waters, don't expect production-level.

Core Recommendations:

➤ Newbies/Small teams quickly deliver results → Motoko

➤ Already understand Rust or pursue performance → Rust

➤ Front-end developers want to cross-chain → TypeScript

These languages ultimately compile into WebAssembly and run in the ICP container. So the key is not how great the language itself is, but how quickly you can bring your ideas to life. It's okay if you choose wrong; the ecosystem is so open, and the migration cost is not high.